Each of the stages of pregnancy, known as trimesters, has its own unique characteristics. The first trimester is defined as the period from the date of conception through week 12. The second trimester lasts from week 12 through week 24 and the third trimester is week 24 to the moment the child is born.

First trimester of pregnancy (from the date of conception to week 12)

Due to the new demands of fetal development, the body of a pregnant woman undergoes complicated protective and adaptive changes. The central nervous system and endocrine glands perform regulatory functions controlling the reorganization of body.

After implantation of the embryo into the endometrial lining of the uterus, the woman’s body starts producing the sex hormone progesterone. It has an immediate influence on the development of the embryo and changes in the mother’s body. The ovaries continue to produce progesterone for about 9 or 10 weeks and after that time, the fetoplacental system (adrenal cortex and liver of the pregnant woman and the fetus) takes responsibility for hormonal function.

There are two developmental stages: embryonic period (first 8 weeks of pregnancy) and fetal period (from the 9^th week to the birth). During the embryonic period, the formation of various types of tissues occurs. The fetal period is characterized by the growth of the baby, and the development of its organs and functional systems.

Under the influence of progesterone, breasts tend to enlarge; nipples uplift and the skin surrounding them (areola) become darker and wider. Progesterone can also cause constipation, as it causes relaxation of smooth intestinal muscles, and therefore decreases the strength and the frequency of bowel contractions. It is advisable to drink plenty of fluids in order to prevent constipation.

Often, in the first weeks of pregnancy women suffer from queasiness and nausea which are triggered by the hormonal changes the body undergoes.  These discomforts usually go away as the pregnancy proceeds. However, sometimes they continue during all the stages of pregnancy.

Fatigue is common during this period, but this feeling will subside by the second trimester. It is related to the changes in body and energy drain. The real cure for the first trimester fatigue is to sleep 9 or 10 hours every night.

During the first trimester, miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy are possible.

Ectopic pregnancy is a complication where the fertilized egg implants outside the uterine cavity, usually in the fallopian tubes. The growth of the embryo here may result in the major internal hemorrhage and is the reason why an ectopic pregnancy is a potential medical emergency requiring surgery.

Another complication of pregnancy in the first trimester is if the fetal heartbeat stops. In this case the pregnancy will not continue. Dilation (or dilatation) and curettage is performed with laboratory examination to follow.

Second trimester of pregnancy (from week 12 to week 24)

The hormones of the fetoplacental system are responsible for many of the physiological changes in the in the woman’s body. They regulate water-salt metabolism (the retention of sodium at the same time can lead to swelling or edema), increase the volume of circulating blood and stimulate the growth of the uterus and breasts.

Due to lower levels of progesterone, queasiness and nausea subside. In the middle of the second trimester, a woman experiences the first feelings of fetal movement. The breasts may start producing yellowish fluid – the first milk, called colostrum. As the growing uterus presses on the intestines, constipation may become more common and heartburn may occur.

During the second trimester of pregnancy, the baby’s organs are forming and changes in the woman’s body continue. Complications of this period are the following: late miscarriage, bleedings (the usual reason is the presentation of placenta), iron-deficiency anemia, and oxygen starvation (hypoxia) of the fetus. It is very important for the fetus to get enough oxygen in the second trimester, because this period is characterized by the intensive development of the brain. A lack of oxygen can quickly begin to take its toll: the movements of the fetus change, and the fetal heart rate is affected.

During the third trimester the uterus is actively growing, fetal movements are increasing, and labor pains may sometimes occur. They should only last for several minutes and stop after the body position changes. These labor pains push the fetus towards the maternal passages. That is why there is no reason to be scared. However, in the case of frequent labor pains (several times per hour) it is important to consult a doctor.

The increased pressure of the uterus on the urinary bladder may cause frequent urination. As the expanding uterus pushes the diaphragm, and the baby requires enough oxygen, the woman may feel shortness of breath. The pregnant woman may feel tired and suffer from sleeping problems. The reason for it is increasing physical and emotional stress.

Some kinds of malformation and swellings can be detected during the third trimester. Often, the general condition of the pregnant woman (late pregnancy toxemia, for example) can trigger blood flow problems in the uterine vessels, as well as placental and umbilical vessels. These changes can be the cause of abnormalities of fetal growth and development, and oxygen starvation.

An incorrect positioning of the fetus can also be revealed during this period and it is vital to detect any abnormalities beforehand as it defines the steps to be taken during the birth process.

All pregnant women should regularly consult their obstetrician-gynecologist, who will be able to detect and explain all changes over the course of pregnancy.

Pregnancy symptoms are individual and various at different women; however, undoubtedly, the most known and true sign of pregnancy - disturbance of a menstrual cycle. It is very important to be able to define signs of pregnancy as each of them can specify not only in pregnancy, but on disease.

At some women the first signs of pregnancy appear within a week after conception. At others such symptoms appear only in some weeks, or do not appear at all at all. We bring to your attention the list of some most widespread signs of pregnancy.

Signs of pregnancy:

Vaginal bleeding

Vaginal bleeding - one of the earliest symptoms of pregnancy. Widespread enough phenomenon in the first trimester of pregnancy, and far not always testifies to an abnormal current of pregnancy. Approximately through 6 - 12 days after conception occur planting of an embryos to a uterus wall. At some women this process is accompanied by a bleeding and spasm.

Other reasons: a normal menses, an extraordinary menses, a by-effect of reception of some contraceptive tablets, an infection, the damage received in the course of sexual intercourse.

Menses delay - disturbance of a menstrual cycle:

Delay of a menses - infringement of a menstrual cycle - the most known and widespread sign of pregnancy which forces the woman to pregnancy test. At pregnancy the woman has a monthly delay of a menses. At many pregnant women the bleeding, however, as a rule is observed, the menses quickly comes to an end and passes less intensively, than usually. It is possible to explain a menses delay set of other reasons, except pregnancy. However, if you conduct an active sex life and at you a delay, it is better to be tested on pregnancy.

Other reasons: excessive loss/set of weight, chronic weariness, hormonal disturbances, a strain, stress, the termination of reception of contraceptive tablets, thoracal feeding.

Swelling - rising of sensitivity of a breast:

Swelling or rising of sensitivity of a breast - a sign of pregnancy which appears through 1 - 2 weeks after conception. The woman can notice, how its breasts have changed; they react to everyone, even an insignificant touch, are ill or bulk up.

Other reasons: the hormonal disbalance, reception of contraceptive tablets, a premenstrual syndrome (PMS) also cause a swelling and rising of sensitivity of a breast.

Fast fatigability/apathy:

Feeling of weariness or apathy - a sign of pregnancy which can already appear in the first week after conception.

Other reasons: stress, fatigue, depression, cold or a flu, and also other diseases.

Nausea/toxicosis:

This known symptom of pregnancy often arises on 2 - 8 week after conception. Some lucky women do not face a nausea problem all pregnancy, however the overwhelming majority of pregnant women suffers from a toxicosis from the beginning up to the end.

Other reasons: food poisoning, stress, diseases of a gastrointestinal tract also make a sick.

Back pains:

Back pains also can specify in an early duration of gestation; however not strong pain periodically arises throughout all period of pregnancy.

Other reasons: a premenstrual syndrome (PMS), stress, problems with a back, physical or mental loads.

Headache and migraines:

Sudden rising of level of hormones in an organism can cause headaches on an early duration of gestation.

Other reasons: organism dehydration, abstention from caffeine, a premenstrual syndrome, an excessive strain of vision or other diseases can become a source of periodic or chronic headaches.

Frequent desires to an emiction:

Approximately on 6 - 8 week after conception you will feel, that you would like in a toilet is more often, than usually.

Other reasons: an infectious disease of genitourinary system, diabetes, overconsumption of a liquid or abusing diuretics (diuretics).

Skin darkening areola:

In pregnancy also specifies skin darkening around nipple.

Other reasons: a hormonal disbalance, untied with pregnancy, or the residual phenomenon after the previous pregnancy.

Appetite/bent for augmentation to certain products:

It is unessential, that you will have a desire to regale on salty cucumbers or vanilla ice-cream, however many pregnant women nevertheless have a bent for to certain products. This symptom remains throughout all pregnancy.

Other reasons: a bad food, a disadvantage of certain vitamin or nutrient, stress, the depression, a coming nearer menses.

The majority of women becomes pregnant without any problems and even contrary to the desire. Others try to become pregnant long years and make for this purpose huge efforts. Many women feel fault if cannot quickly become pregnant, and often suspect at itself Infertility. Nevertheless, women are quite capable to increase the fertility level and thus to enlarge probability of pregnancy.

Keep optimism

Researches have shown, that physical health of the woman plays far not a leading role in ability to conceive the child. The positive relation to a life and to arising problems can considerably change a situation. Negative thoughts often prevent to become pregnant. The more strongly the stress which the woman worries, the falls a fertility level more low. Try to worry not too because of disability quickly to become pregnant. Find in the busy schedule time to be relaxed. At each woman the methods of a relaxation, therefore take advantage of that approach for you.

To some women to be relaxed, it is enough to take a warm aromatic bath at candles. Others require special atmosphere and the help of the favourite. Aromatic massages and reflexotherapy have abirritating an effect, help to remove a stress and to get rid of serious thoughts. The aromatherapy also helps to restore the broken menstrual cycle. The qualified expert in an aromatherapy can be found on the Internet or in the local business directory.

Simple pastime in the company favourite - here a time-tested means of a relaxation and composure restoration. Try to be engaged in together favourite business, to go at cinema or theatre, to spend time on the nature. The main thing - that both of you have taken pleasure and were relaxed. One only it can clamp your relations, pull together you and take out stress which inevitably accompanies attempts to conceive the child.

Acupuncture

It is known, that acupuncture well influences a fecundity of the woman, especially in a combination with IVF (In vitro fertilisation). The researches devoted to studying of influence of acupuncture on ability to become pregnant, are not finished yet, however short-term researches testify to positive action of an acupuncture.

Acupuncture is applied by the Chinese doctors throughout already 5000 years. This kind of therapy helps to cure set of various diseases, however salutary effect acupuncture has obtained an official recognition several decades ago.

If you wish to taste acupuncture, address only to checked up, qualified expert in acupuncture. The national American Institute of Public health services (The National Institute of Health) and the American Academy of Medical Acupuncture (The American Academy of Medical Acupuncture) - here where in the USA can be found the fine expert working under the state license.

Ovulation

The probability of offensive of pregnancy to no small degree depends on a menstrual cycle of the woman and its regularity. The ovulation (an exit of an ovum from ovaries) usually occurs on 12 - 18 day of a menstrual cycle. At this time the fecundity raises, and the probability of conception reaches a maximum.

It is considered to be, that the ovulation occurs for 14 day of a cycle (it is a question of a regular 28-day menstrual cycle). To define probable day of an ovulation, it is enough to solve a simple mathematical problem: to take away 14 from the general duration of an individual menstrual cycle. For example, if at you a 28-day cycle, take away twenty eight fourteen - and receive date of the maximum fecundity (in this case for conception 14 day of a cycle is optimum). Nevertheless, the menstrual cycle - the phenomenon especially individual, therefore an ovulation can occur both on the thirteenth, and for the fifteenth day.

For definition of time of an ovulation also it is possible to take advantage of special tests which can be got in a drugstore. Undoubtedly, sex in an ovulation also raises probability of pregnancy, but the pairs, aspiring to conceive the child, should have sex not less than three times a week. The female organism is concealed by set of riddles, therefore an ovulation not always occurs in due time. Regular sex not only strengthens relations, but guarantees, that you do not pass an ovulation, thereby enlarging chances to conceive the child.

After the sex act try some time (at least twenty minutes) to remain in bed, not moving, to prevent outpourings of a semen from a vagina is will enlarge chances to become pregnant.

A food and diet

The good balanced food and healthy effective diet also improve ability to become pregnant. Try to eat more vegetables and fruit, the products containing fiber, bread from a flour from integral grain, and also the products rich with a fat (bread from not sifted flour, rice and Pasta).

Also the probability of conception is increased by certain nutrients and the vitamins containing in a foodstuff, including:

· Sheet green vegetables, for example, the cabbage, a broccoli, a lettuce and spinach, contain Acidum folicum considerable quantity - the vitamin having huge value for health of mother and the child. Acidum folicum is useful to a fetation, it helps to prevent defects of development, including column scission. Besides, Acidum folicum also is very important for genesial and general health of the woman. Acidum folicum sources - bread, porridges and edible additives.

· Fast meat and fabaceous contain a protein and iron considerable quantity. These major nutrients help to sustain a high level of the maintenance of iron in an organism. The low maintenance of iron in blood can affect the general state of ovaries and break the ovulation mechanism.

· Milk products - an excellent source of the calcium necessary for conservation of health of bones and teeth. If you try to become pregnant, necessarily include in a food allowance enough of the products containing calcium to frame stocks for a fetation.

The women, unsuccessfully trying to conceive throughout a year or more, depressions are often subject, that at all does not enlarge their chances to become pregnant. Therefore is better to address for the help to the doctor and to discuss with him all problems, including difficulties of psychological property.

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The organism of the woman is arranged very difficult, for the first time the girl faces these complexities at teenage age when she has a first menses in this connection, there comes reorganization of work of all organism. The set of nuances of maturing and work of a female organism demand an explanation and it is better, if during this period to the girl will explain, that particularly occurs in her organism.

That occurs in an organism of the girl in period "reorganization"

The body of the girl is formed under the influence of female sexual hormones of estrogens: the body weight is enlarged, primary sexual signs (the breast develops, changes affect external and internal genitals) are formed. When the weight of a body of the girl reaches certain level, work joins the higher regulator of activity of endocrine system of an organism - a hypothalamus (the site of a brain which is responsible for work of hormones). Therefore at girls who have the big weight, puberty comes earlier. The hypothalamus influences the main gland of internal secretion - a pituitary gland, which in reply to this signal starts to produce gonadotrophic (stimulating development of sexual hormones) hormones - luteinizing and follicle-stimulating (a LH and a FSH). Under the influence of these hormones in ovaries (female gonads) female sexual hormones (estrogens and progesterone) are produced and the first ovum ripens.

With the first the FSH starts to operate - it stimulates development of estrogens and supervises ovum maturing. The ovum ripens in a special blister, a follicle. When it has ripened, work joins a LH which promotes rupture of a cover of a follicle (this moment is called as an ovulation) and to an ovum exit outside. The ovum goes to travel on a fallopian tube for an occurring there with a spermatozoon. At this time along with rising of level the LH becomes perceptible lifting of level a FSH and testosterone (a man's sexual hormone which in small amounts always is present at an organism of the woman). Small rising of level of testosterone leads to more strongly pronounced sexual inclination.

Under the influence of estrogens the uterus prepares for reception of the fertilized ovum (germ): in it the mucosa to which the fertilized ovum should be attached expands. The LH promotes development in the remained torn cover of a follicle (he turns to a yellow body) progesterone which quantity accrues after an ovulation. If fertilizations does not come, the uterus mucosa is torn away and there comes a menses.

All phases of a menstrual cycle are formed far not at once, it occurs approximately within a year. If hypothalamus or pituitary gland work there can come wrong formation of a menstrual cycle is broken, that is come a delay of sexual development.

What is menarche?

If hormonal development of the girl goes correctly in 12-13 years she has a first menses or menarche. Menarche usually occurs in two years after there are first changes in breast development. During this period there is an active development of a body that to female type: hips become wider, mammary glands are formed, the size of external female genitals is enlarged and their pilosis on female type begins. Menarche is a main sign of puberty of the female organism, specifying in ability of an organism to pregnancy.

Female sexual hormones (estrogen and progesterone) cause a swelling of mammary glands, augmentation of volume of the slime allocated from the channel cervix, growth of a mucosa of a uterus etc., that is prepare an organism for pregnancy. Man's sexual hormones are responsible for sexual inclination. Disturbance of a parity of female and man's sexual hormones, and also insufficiency of gonadotrophic hormones (a LH and a FSH) cause various disturbances in maturing of an organism of the girl.

Offensive time menarche depends on physical development of the girl, its food, the transferred diseases, life conditions etc. Harbingers menarche there can be differences in mood and state of health (irritability, fatigability, depressions, delicacy, headaches, giddiness, pains in the bottom of a stomach, a nausea etc.).

Influence of stresses on formation of a menstrual cycle of the girl

In formation of a menstrual cycle and reorganization of work of all organism the girl becomes very sensitive to a various sort to emotional influences. Stresses promote depression of work of a hypothalamus which not so actively "demands" development by a pituitary gland of gonadotrophic hormones a LH and a FSH. Depression of quantity the LH and a FSH in blood lead to depression of development of female sexual hormones. It can be shown by full absence of a menses (amenorrhea) or sharp disturbance of their regularity.

The first menses can cause a stress condition if it to it not to prepare in the girl, therefore the girl at the age of 10-11 years already should know, that occurs in its organism, it should be psychologically ready to occurrence of the first menses - menarche.

In what cases it is necessary to address to the children's gynecologist?

Very early or, on the contrary, later menarche can be as a norm variant (for example, congenital feature which was at mother), and a disease sign.

Very early occurrence menarche (till 10 years) should be an occasion to the reference to the doctor: it can be a sign of a tumor of a brain or ovaries. Later maturing (after 15 years) can be a sign of any hormonal disturbances and consequently also should be consulted at the gynecologist.

Any disturbances of a menstrual cycle signal that in an organism of the woman there has come any failure. Some women, consider, that it is possible to arrange this failure independently by means of tablets or folk remedies. For example, it is necessary to go on the sea, and here such trouble, as menstruation. But after all we now have so much medicines - really nothing can be made?

The menstrual cycle is a hormonal background of the woman

By means of a menstrual cycle the organism prepares for possible pregnancy. It is very difficult process in which all endocrine system of an organism takes part.

All changes in an organism during a menstrual cycle commands a brain in which organs (a hypothalamus and a pituitary gland) which allocate the hormones regulating all cycle are located.

On a hypothalamus depends, how many it will be allocated hormones by all interested hormonal system. The hypothalamus is very sensitive to stresses and any other psychological influences, therefore stresses cause disturbances of a menstrual cycle in some women.

In a hypothalamus data from all organism about a disadvantage or redundancy of hormones arrive. After the analysis of the received information the hypothalamus gives a command to the gland also located in a brain - a pituitary gland which controls activity of ovaries, allocating gonadotrophic hormones - follicle-stimulating (influences growth and follicle maturing in which the ovum) and luteinizing (promoting an ovulation - to that the follicle bursts develops, and the ripened ovum gets to a fallopian tube).

Besides, the pituitary body gives a command to ovaries, formation of an ovum and its preparation for a fertilization (one cycle - one ovum, alternately in each of ovaries) there begins. The ripening follicle develops a female sexual hormone estrogen.

The follicle grows and, reaching approximately 20 mm, are broken off, and the ovum passes in a fallopian tube to be bridged there to a spermatozoon. The external cover an ovum gets yellow color (a yellow body) and starts to develop a female sexual hormone progesterone. Estrogen and progesterone, getting to blood, prepare an organism for possible pregnancy. The yellow body develops within two weeks, then (if pregnancy has not come) - resolves, level of hormones in blood decreases, the prepared endometrium is torn away, causing a menstrual bleeding.

Under the influence of some factors (stresses, exercise stresses, poisonings) the yellow body sometimes continues to function, forming a cyst which detains a menses. But when the cyst breaks, the menses begins, and together with it the new menstrual cycle is counted.

On this basis work of hormonal contraceptives is constructed: they stimulate in the beginning development of hormones, then (at the termination of reception of tablets) sharply her break, causing a bleeding.

What is the amenorrhea

The amenorrhea is an absence menstruation within 6 months and more at the age of 16-45 years. The amenorrhea at this age is a sign of disturbance of hormonal system of the woman at any level and is accompanied by Infertility. The amenorrhea can be primary (menstruation was never) and secondary (menstruation were, but have stopped). The primary amenorrhea often arises at absence (genetically caused underdevelopment of hormonal system) or a delay of sexual development of the girl (after serious diseases and stresses).

The secondary amenorrhea can arise against serious diseases (for example, a tuberculosis or a heart disease), poisonings, abusing alcohol, a defective food, stresses, various diseases of glands of internal secretion.

As the amenorrhea is treated

Amenorrhea treatment consists in carrying out of a cyclic hormone replacement therapy. Therefore, before to be treated, it is necessary to establish, at what level of hormonal system there was a failure and why it has occurred. The quantity of hormones in blood is for this purpose defined and full inspection for an exception, first of all, tumours and cysts which are subject to surgical treatment is spent. Only after that it is possible to begin treatment by hormones. Cycles of hormone therapy are spent within 3-4 months, and then repeat with 1-2 monthly break for a long time.

Whether it is possible to cause premature menstruation "at will"?

If you have attentively read all about a menstrual cycle and about an amenorrhea already understand, that at a modern level of development of pharmacology it is quite accessible. Whether here only it is necessary to force down a menstrual cycle simply because of desire to go on the sea? After all anybody to you cannot guarantee, that it then will completely be restored. The human body, especially, an organism of the woman is a “high-precision device”, to bring down it from normal activity simply, and here to restore - very difficultly. If to look the summary to application of hormonal contraceptives it is possible to see, that the oldest pharmaceutical firms give there instructions on application of preparations for all occasions. Why? Yes because all these cases are checked already up at clinical tests. And if you start to operate independently anybody to you does not guarantee anything.

Do not try to change the menstrual cycle under the influence of momentary interests - thus it is possible to suffer very strongly.

This question sets sooner or later each woman, especially if over and over again she attack the same rake, a name which - a mysterious man's soul. Certainly, its some understanding comes to us with life experience. And than this experience is more sad, especially we bear from it valuable. What to do? Such is a law of nature. However, not only women struggle with this riddle. Many great minds tried to solve essence man's, as, in general, and the female nature ...

From love to hatred...

Zigmund Freud considered, that the world two instincts - sex and aggressive correct. Also there would be in all it no problem, if restrictions not imposed by a society on their exhibitings. From here both ideas of a monogamy and an appeal «love near as itself»... However, all it is impossible instinctive life. But as the person - a being social the society demands of him suppression of instincts. Laws are with that end in view framed and ideals and moral values are formed.

As to sex and aggressive instincts of men to hold them «in frameworks» it is framed and the marriage institute is sustained, and also there is such socially comprehensible mean of realization of aggressive energy, as sports.

One of Freud Jacque Lakan's the famous followers object of desire of the man named, naturally, the woman. But the woman escaping - than more escaping, especially desired (bright demonstration of this phenomenon the film great a Buñuel «That Obscure Object of Desire» is). The Same Lacan argued that love kills desire as as deification of love consider coalescence to that whom love. To take, for example, a figure of the Fine Lady sung by romanticists. There is nothing more terribly for the man, than satisfaction of the desire referred on her. The paradox of attitudes with it is a constant putting off of love attitudes on then. These attitudes last only thanking their delaying...

The power and money

Some psychologists and philosophers, unlike Freud, educed idea of presence in a human nature of one more instinct - aspirations to the power. It is possible to consider as the main apologists of it F.Nitsshe and M.Heidegger. Since the most ancient times the success, force, honouring, riches are considered as power synonyms... Already in a primitive society the leader had the best meal and the most beautiful concubines. Here and today very few people from men will refuse to visit his "skin" and to take a worthy place under the sun.

Work for the modern man where he aspires to realize one of the major requirements - "divide and rule" - the same hunting for a mammoth where he can prove, show the dexterity, play in a command and prove to everything, that something costs, having received as a trophy a worthy large sum.

As become men

«The woman is sex», - the given statement belongs all to the same

founder of a psychoanalysis. That is, it is considered, that the connatural problem of the woman - to open the sex, all its potential possibilities which essence are functions inherent only in women, such as a menses, pregnancy, childbirth, feeding by a breast... At the man is little bit more complex. It sex should be generated. Actually, to become the man, it needs to pass certain tests in which process he is completely identified with the mission. Throughout all history of mankind it is possible to find set of examples of how it descended. As a rule, in any society there are own rituals and institutes initiations, that is methods «dedication in courage». And if in primitive tribes participation of boys in hunting on the same level with adult men today to the world of men it is possible to consider as the form of familiarizing of young men service in army was such ritual, for example...

However, riddles of man's psychology still remain riddles for women how they tried to comprehend them by reading of the scientific literature and on own experience. And can be, it is not necessary to spend so many forces for learning "incognizable"? After all us pulls to each other just because we so different. And there, where one of us has "camber", another should have "concavity" - not only at body level, but also at soul level. At least by a principle of mutual conformity and addition of parts at formation of the whole...