Each of the stages of pregnancy, known as trimesters, has its own unique characteristics. The first trimester is defined as the period from the date of conception through week 12. The second trimester lasts from week 12 through week 24 and the third trimester is week 24 to the moment the child is born.

First trimester of pregnancy (from the date of conception to week 12)

Due to the new demands of fetal development, the body of a pregnant woman undergoes complicated protective and adaptive changes. The central nervous system and endocrine glands perform regulatory functions controlling the reorganization of body.

After implantation of the embryo into the endometrial lining of the uterus, the woman’s body starts producing the sex hormone progesterone. It has an immediate influence on the development of the embryo and changes in the mother’s body. The ovaries continue to produce progesterone for about 9 or 10 weeks and after that time, the fetoplacental system (adrenal cortex and liver of the pregnant woman and the fetus) takes responsibility for hormonal function.

There are two developmental stages: embryonic period (first 8 weeks of pregnancy) and fetal period (from the 9^th week to the birth). During the embryonic period, the formation of various types of tissues occurs. The fetal period is characterized by the growth of the baby, and the development of its organs and functional systems.

Under the influence of progesterone, breasts tend to enlarge; nipples uplift and the skin surrounding them (areola) become darker and wider. Progesterone can also cause constipation, as it causes relaxation of smooth intestinal muscles, and therefore decreases the strength and the frequency of bowel contractions. It is advisable to drink plenty of fluids in order to prevent constipation.

Often, in the first weeks of pregnancy women suffer from queasiness and nausea which are triggered by the hormonal changes the body undergoes.  These discomforts usually go away as the pregnancy proceeds. However, sometimes they continue during all the stages of pregnancy.

Fatigue is common during this period, but this feeling will subside by the second trimester. It is related to the changes in body and energy drain. The real cure for the first trimester fatigue is to sleep 9 or 10 hours every night.

During the first trimester, miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy are possible.

Ectopic pregnancy is a complication where the fertilized egg implants outside the uterine cavity, usually in the fallopian tubes. The growth of the embryo here may result in the major internal hemorrhage and is the reason why an ectopic pregnancy is a potential medical emergency requiring surgery.

Another complication of pregnancy in the first trimester is if the fetal heartbeat stops. In this case the pregnancy will not continue. Dilation (or dilatation) and curettage is performed with laboratory examination to follow.

Second trimester of pregnancy (from week 12 to week 24)

The hormones of the fetoplacental system are responsible for many of the physiological changes in the in the woman’s body. They regulate water-salt metabolism (the retention of sodium at the same time can lead to swelling or edema), increase the volume of circulating blood and stimulate the growth of the uterus and breasts.

Due to lower levels of progesterone, queasiness and nausea subside. In the middle of the second trimester, a woman experiences the first feelings of fetal movement. The breasts may start producing yellowish fluid – the first milk, called colostrum. As the growing uterus presses on the intestines, constipation may become more common and heartburn may occur.

During the second trimester of pregnancy, the baby’s organs are forming and changes in the woman’s body continue. Complications of this period are the following: late miscarriage, bleedings (the usual reason is the presentation of placenta), iron-deficiency anemia, and oxygen starvation (hypoxia) of the fetus. It is very important for the fetus to get enough oxygen in the second trimester, because this period is characterized by the intensive development of the brain. A lack of oxygen can quickly begin to take its toll: the movements of the fetus change, and the fetal heart rate is affected.

During the third trimester the uterus is actively growing, fetal movements are increasing, and labor pains may sometimes occur. They should only last for several minutes and stop after the body position changes. These labor pains push the fetus towards the maternal passages. That is why there is no reason to be scared. However, in the case of frequent labor pains (several times per hour) it is important to consult a doctor.

The increased pressure of the uterus on the urinary bladder may cause frequent urination. As the expanding uterus pushes the diaphragm, and the baby requires enough oxygen, the woman may feel shortness of breath. The pregnant woman may feel tired and suffer from sleeping problems. The reason for it is increasing physical and emotional stress.

Some kinds of malformation and swellings can be detected during the third trimester. Often, the general condition of the pregnant woman (late pregnancy toxemia, for example) can trigger blood flow problems in the uterine vessels, as well as placental and umbilical vessels. These changes can be the cause of abnormalities of fetal growth and development, and oxygen starvation.

An incorrect positioning of the fetus can also be revealed during this period and it is vital to detect any abnormalities beforehand as it defines the steps to be taken during the birth process.

All pregnant women should regularly consult their obstetrician-gynecologist, who will be able to detect and explain all changes over the course of pregnancy.

Many mummies after childbirth experience difficulties with returning by a sexual life. These difficulties can be caused physiological processes, psychological unavailability of mother to renewal of sexual relations or is simple fears which can be overcome easily in dialogue with attitudes the person.

First of all, it is necessary to understand, that childbirth at each woman passes differently and leaves a certain print in her consciousness. After childbirth the body of the woman changes also. In the first 6 weeks after childbirth it is recommended to refrain from intimate relations, but, frequently, it is heavy to woman to return to it even after some months.

What can disturb young mum?

1. Dryness of a vagina. The quantity of natural greasing of a vagina essentially decreases at the expense of decrease in level of an estrogen. Especially test discomfort of the woman at which the menstrual cycle renews enough not soon as its renewal is closely connected with allocation of greasing substance.

2. Absence of desire to have sex. It is necessary for young mum to adapt for the new role, she very much gets tired in the first months. The organism of the woman is not adjusted on fast returning by a sexual life, it should not confuse you. The Prolactin - a motherhood hormone - now allows to concentrate only on the child. The organism "is occupied" by feeding of the kid and consequently frequently the unwillingness to have sex is connected with this "employment" (feeding and acquisition functions by following posterity - that is supported with our sexual desire - cannot be accepted as parallel, after all them different hormones operate).

3. A complex of an imperfect body. After childbirth time is necessary for mum physically to be restored. The woman can worry concerning the appeared tummy, flabbiness of a skin. Do not hurry to register in a sports hall! The organism now demands the careful relation though it at all does not mean, that you need to spend time laying in bed. There is a special complex of exercises which can be carried out already next day after childbirth.

4. Change of the relation from the husband. Quite explainable phenomenon. You can notice, that the loved man became more cautious, consecutive, does not wish once again you to disturb. To him now also it is difficult, as well as to you, to adapt to a new role. Allow loved to participate directly in process of care by the child - let he too comprehends this hard science. If the situation develops antithetically - read point 2 and discuss all arising questions with the husband.

5. Change of sensations from a touch to your breast - they can appear very pleasant, and there can be discomfort sensations. It especially individually.

6. The breast form during the period and after breastfeeding. Connection between change of the form of a breast and process of breastfeeding no more, than decided. The breast form does not depend on, whether you nurse and on what extent of time. The main role is played by elasticity of a skin of a breast. If in this question at you is on what to complain - refusal of feeding a situation will not correct. During the period mammary gland involutions fatty tissue again comes back, and the breast gets other form. It is necessary to remember, that on a breast condition the big influence is rendered by the organization of feeding. If mum feeds on hours, allows breasts to be overflowed, often is decanted, sharply stops to breastfeeding, quickly collects weight or sharply grows thin are the first steps to deterioration of the form of a breast.

7. Milk has escaped! During an orgasm you can arrange small milk "fireworks". Be not frightened, in it the hormone Oxytocin which is produced in considerable quantities during childbirth, in feeding by a breast and … during an orgasm is guilty.

In absence of sex it is very important to save close and confidential relations with your partner. The new little man has entered into your world, but it does not mean, that now you not so are necessary each other. Both the man, and the woman require approval and understanding from the loved man person. Psychological readiness for renewal of an intimate life of both spouses plays the most important role.

That it is necessary to know to breastfeeding mum

Be not surprised, if the sexual life undergoes changes, and you will feel, that sensations became absolutely others. Let's allocate the basic moments to which it is necessary to pay attention:

1. Take care of contraception if at you the cycle has renewed. It is necessary to remember, that the method of a lactational amenorrhea is applicable in a case when the child is on natural feeding (it is put to a breast on demand, does not receive water, to it of less than six months and intervals between feedings do not exceed 4 hours). In feeding of mum prefer following methods of contraception:

• Spermicides;
• The intrauterine device - is recommended after 6 weeks after childbirth and after consultation of the gynecologist
• Condom (if the menstrual cycle has renewed also mum does not test discomfort of absence of greasing of a vagina, otherwise it is possible to use special greasings - a lubricant).

If you had questions concerning a contraception choice - do not make the decision independently. Necessarily address to the gynecologist. For example, reception of the preparations containing an estrogen, can essentially lower milk.

1. If you are protected by a method of a lactational amenorrhea - it is possible to use a lubricant (for prevention of dryness of a vagina).
2. Probably, you should accept a role of the leading partner? It you will relieve the beloved of fear to cause to you a pain and can supervise over process, selecting the most convenient position.
3. Consider, that the kid can wake up any minute as in the first months he spends time most part in a superficial dream. Therefore it is necessary to use any possibility. Not less important, how much mum can relax and distract from essential problems that is a little problematic in the first months.
4. Not always from first days of renewal of a sex life you will start to feel pleasure. On separate interrogations of feeding mothers it was required to them more than a year again to learn to rejoice a sex life. 40 % of women established the fact what in due course to test an orgasm they in 2 times became more often.

Passions on a figure

And here you feel, that are already ready. The only thing that constrains and does not allow to be relaxed - your body. Many women run into depression at the sight of the drooped tummy, extensions and other "delights". And again you are ready to register in a sports hall and even to visit the plastic surgeon. Do not hurry up! With what it is necessary to begin?

The period of restoration after sorts is very important. Few women can brag to fast homing in former forms. Save calmness. Feeding by a breast now your very first assistant. At the expense of manufacture of Oxytocin the uterus will much fast return to a former condition. As you will longly feed, the organism will start to burn fats saved up in pregnancy. The women breastfeeding more of 9 months, grow thin much more effectively.

You can discuss with the instructor in restoration after childbirth special exercises. Practically you can find such expert in any Center of antenatal preparation.

For strengthening of muscles of a breast you can carry out special exercises: press-up from a wall, ball squeezing at breast level.

For strengthening of muscles of a vagina carry out Kegel’s exercise - reduce vagina muscles as it is possible more strongly, detain for 5 seconds and be relaxed. It is possible to do exercise throughout all day several times. It is possible to complicate a little it - present, that you lift the lift on the third floor, being late on 2-3 seconds on each floor. Then also slowly “lower the lift”.

For restoration of elasticity of a skin it is possible to take a contrast shower and to use special softening a cream (do not get unknown persons of a cream if in the instruction possibility of use in a lactation is not stipulated!)

Consult to the gynecologist about carrying of a postnatal bandage. Both antenatal, and the postnatal bandage does not need to be got independently on own discretion. First, bandage carrying should be always supported by certain indications. Secondly, many women who have got a postnatal belt, have declared, that so never it not dressed. Do not try to predict presence of a stomach after childbirth.

If you have started to be engaged in sports (thus necessarily having consulted to the doctor) remember, that physical activity can cause change of taste of milk (at the expense of a lactic acid clump), but after the lapse of an hour after employment smack is erased.

Don’t try to eat as much as possible, spending interrelation between quantity of produced milk and quantity of the eaten nutrition. These are absolutely untied among themselves concepts. The ration of feeding mum should be balanced, but you are not obliged to eat not so for a two, and days of limited intake of food of times in a week (it is possible to include low-calorie nutritionand sour-milk products) will not affect a breastfedding.

Search for pluses of your position! Now you - beautiful, womanly, unusual.

As though the woman did not feel itself after childbirth, nevertheless a birth of the baby - the biggest holiday in a married couple life. Even if the body looks absolutely in another way is after all naturally, you became mother!

For someone restoration process passes quickly, and for someone is stretched on a year. But your true female appeal and charm remain invariable. Moreover - they are increased greatly.

Do not lose a self-confidence, find a place to little female cunnings and your life never will seem boring, cares of the kid burdening, and a female body a subject of own shame.

Pregnancy symptoms are individual and various at different women; however, undoubtedly, the most known and true sign of pregnancy - disturbance of a menstrual cycle. It is very important to be able to define signs of pregnancy as each of them can specify not only in pregnancy, but on disease.

At some women the first signs of pregnancy appear within a week after conception. At others such symptoms appear only in some weeks, or do not appear at all at all. We bring to your attention the list of some most widespread signs of pregnancy.

Signs of pregnancy:

Vaginal bleeding

Vaginal bleeding - one of the earliest symptoms of pregnancy. Widespread enough phenomenon in the first trimester of pregnancy, and far not always testifies to an abnormal current of pregnancy. Approximately through 6 - 12 days after conception occur planting of an embryos to a uterus wall. At some women this process is accompanied by a bleeding and spasm.

Other reasons: a normal menses, an extraordinary menses, a by-effect of reception of some contraceptive tablets, an infection, the damage received in the course of sexual intercourse.

Menses delay - disturbance of a menstrual cycle:

Delay of a menses - infringement of a menstrual cycle - the most known and widespread sign of pregnancy which forces the woman to pregnancy test. At pregnancy the woman has a monthly delay of a menses. At many pregnant women the bleeding, however, as a rule is observed, the menses quickly comes to an end and passes less intensively, than usually. It is possible to explain a menses delay set of other reasons, except pregnancy. However, if you conduct an active sex life and at you a delay, it is better to be tested on pregnancy.

Other reasons: excessive loss/set of weight, chronic weariness, hormonal disturbances, a strain, stress, the termination of reception of contraceptive tablets, thoracal feeding.

Swelling - rising of sensitivity of a breast:

Swelling or rising of sensitivity of a breast - a sign of pregnancy which appears through 1 - 2 weeks after conception. The woman can notice, how its breasts have changed; they react to everyone, even an insignificant touch, are ill or bulk up.

Other reasons: the hormonal disbalance, reception of contraceptive tablets, a premenstrual syndrome (PMS) also cause a swelling and rising of sensitivity of a breast.

Fast fatigability/apathy:

Feeling of weariness or apathy - a sign of pregnancy which can already appear in the first week after conception.

Other reasons: stress, fatigue, depression, cold or a flu, and also other diseases.

Nausea/toxicosis:

This known symptom of pregnancy often arises on 2 - 8 week after conception. Some lucky women do not face a nausea problem all pregnancy, however the overwhelming majority of pregnant women suffers from a toxicosis from the beginning up to the end.

Other reasons: food poisoning, stress, diseases of a gastrointestinal tract also make a sick.

Back pains:

Back pains also can specify in an early duration of gestation; however not strong pain periodically arises throughout all period of pregnancy.

Other reasons: a premenstrual syndrome (PMS), stress, problems with a back, physical or mental loads.

Headache and migraines:

Sudden rising of level of hormones in an organism can cause headaches on an early duration of gestation.

Other reasons: organism dehydration, abstention from caffeine, a premenstrual syndrome, an excessive strain of vision or other diseases can become a source of periodic or chronic headaches.

Frequent desires to an emiction:

Approximately on 6 - 8 week after conception you will feel, that you would like in a toilet is more often, than usually.

Other reasons: an infectious disease of genitourinary system, diabetes, overconsumption of a liquid or abusing diuretics (diuretics).

Skin darkening areola:

In pregnancy also specifies skin darkening around nipple.

Other reasons: a hormonal disbalance, untied with pregnancy, or the residual phenomenon after the previous pregnancy.

Appetite/bent for augmentation to certain products:

It is unessential, that you will have a desire to regale on salty cucumbers or vanilla ice-cream, however many pregnant women nevertheless have a bent for to certain products. This symptom remains throughout all pregnancy.

Other reasons: a bad food, a disadvantage of certain vitamin or nutrient, stress, the depression, a coming nearer menses.

The majority of women becomes pregnant without any problems and even contrary to the desire. Others try to become pregnant long years and make for this purpose huge efforts. Many women feel fault if cannot quickly become pregnant, and often suspect at itself Infertility. Nevertheless, women are quite capable to increase the fertility level and thus to enlarge probability of pregnancy.

Keep optimism

Researches have shown, that physical health of the woman plays far not a leading role in ability to conceive the child. The positive relation to a life and to arising problems can considerably change a situation. Negative thoughts often prevent to become pregnant. The more strongly the stress which the woman worries, the falls a fertility level more low. Try to worry not too because of disability quickly to become pregnant. Find in the busy schedule time to be relaxed. At each woman the methods of a relaxation, therefore take advantage of that approach for you.

To some women to be relaxed, it is enough to take a warm aromatic bath at candles. Others require special atmosphere and the help of the favourite. Aromatic massages and reflexotherapy have abirritating an effect, help to remove a stress and to get rid of serious thoughts. The aromatherapy also helps to restore the broken menstrual cycle. The qualified expert in an aromatherapy can be found on the Internet or in the local business directory.

Simple pastime in the company favourite - here a time-tested means of a relaxation and composure restoration. Try to be engaged in together favourite business, to go at cinema or theatre, to spend time on the nature. The main thing - that both of you have taken pleasure and were relaxed. One only it can clamp your relations, pull together you and take out stress which inevitably accompanies attempts to conceive the child.

Acupuncture

It is known, that acupuncture well influences a fecundity of the woman, especially in a combination with IVF (In vitro fertilisation). The researches devoted to studying of influence of acupuncture on ability to become pregnant, are not finished yet, however short-term researches testify to positive action of an acupuncture.

Acupuncture is applied by the Chinese doctors throughout already 5000 years. This kind of therapy helps to cure set of various diseases, however salutary effect acupuncture has obtained an official recognition several decades ago.

If you wish to taste acupuncture, address only to checked up, qualified expert in acupuncture. The national American Institute of Public health services (The National Institute of Health) and the American Academy of Medical Acupuncture (The American Academy of Medical Acupuncture) - here where in the USA can be found the fine expert working under the state license.

Ovulation

The probability of offensive of pregnancy to no small degree depends on a menstrual cycle of the woman and its regularity. The ovulation (an exit of an ovum from ovaries) usually occurs on 12 - 18 day of a menstrual cycle. At this time the fecundity raises, and the probability of conception reaches a maximum.

It is considered to be, that the ovulation occurs for 14 day of a cycle (it is a question of a regular 28-day menstrual cycle). To define probable day of an ovulation, it is enough to solve a simple mathematical problem: to take away 14 from the general duration of an individual menstrual cycle. For example, if at you a 28-day cycle, take away twenty eight fourteen - and receive date of the maximum fecundity (in this case for conception 14 day of a cycle is optimum). Nevertheless, the menstrual cycle - the phenomenon especially individual, therefore an ovulation can occur both on the thirteenth, and for the fifteenth day.

For definition of time of an ovulation also it is possible to take advantage of special tests which can be got in a drugstore. Undoubtedly, sex in an ovulation also raises probability of pregnancy, but the pairs, aspiring to conceive the child, should have sex not less than three times a week. The female organism is concealed by set of riddles, therefore an ovulation not always occurs in due time. Regular sex not only strengthens relations, but guarantees, that you do not pass an ovulation, thereby enlarging chances to conceive the child.

After the sex act try some time (at least twenty minutes) to remain in bed, not moving, to prevent outpourings of a semen from a vagina is will enlarge chances to become pregnant.

A food and diet

The good balanced food and healthy effective diet also improve ability to become pregnant. Try to eat more vegetables and fruit, the products containing fiber, bread from a flour from integral grain, and also the products rich with a fat (bread from not sifted flour, rice and Pasta).

Also the probability of conception is increased by certain nutrients and the vitamins containing in a foodstuff, including:

· Sheet green vegetables, for example, the cabbage, a broccoli, a lettuce and spinach, contain Acidum folicum considerable quantity - the vitamin having huge value for health of mother and the child. Acidum folicum is useful to a fetation, it helps to prevent defects of development, including column scission. Besides, Acidum folicum also is very important for genesial and general health of the woman. Acidum folicum sources - bread, porridges and edible additives.

· Fast meat and fabaceous contain a protein and iron considerable quantity. These major nutrients help to sustain a high level of the maintenance of iron in an organism. The low maintenance of iron in blood can affect the general state of ovaries and break the ovulation mechanism.

· Milk products - an excellent source of the calcium necessary for conservation of health of bones and teeth. If you try to become pregnant, necessarily include in a food allowance enough of the products containing calcium to frame stocks for a fetation.

The women, unsuccessfully trying to conceive throughout a year or more, depressions are often subject, that at all does not enlarge their chances to become pregnant. Therefore is better to address for the help to the doctor and to discuss with him all problems, including difficulties of psychological property.

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The organism of the woman is arranged very difficult, for the first time the girl faces these complexities at teenage age when she has a first menses in this connection, there comes reorganization of work of all organism. The set of nuances of maturing and work of a female organism demand an explanation and it is better, if during this period to the girl will explain, that particularly occurs in her organism.

That occurs in an organism of the girl in period "reorganization"

The body of the girl is formed under the influence of female sexual hormones of estrogens: the body weight is enlarged, primary sexual signs (the breast develops, changes affect external and internal genitals) are formed. When the weight of a body of the girl reaches certain level, work joins the higher regulator of activity of endocrine system of an organism - a hypothalamus (the site of a brain which is responsible for work of hormones). Therefore at girls who have the big weight, puberty comes earlier. The hypothalamus influences the main gland of internal secretion - a pituitary gland, which in reply to this signal starts to produce gonadotrophic (stimulating development of sexual hormones) hormones - luteinizing and follicle-stimulating (a LH and a FSH). Under the influence of these hormones in ovaries (female gonads) female sexual hormones (estrogens and progesterone) are produced and the first ovum ripens.

With the first the FSH starts to operate - it stimulates development of estrogens and supervises ovum maturing. The ovum ripens in a special blister, a follicle. When it has ripened, work joins a LH which promotes rupture of a cover of a follicle (this moment is called as an ovulation) and to an ovum exit outside. The ovum goes to travel on a fallopian tube for an occurring there with a spermatozoon. At this time along with rising of level the LH becomes perceptible lifting of level a FSH and testosterone (a man's sexual hormone which in small amounts always is present at an organism of the woman). Small rising of level of testosterone leads to more strongly pronounced sexual inclination.

Under the influence of estrogens the uterus prepares for reception of the fertilized ovum (germ): in it the mucosa to which the fertilized ovum should be attached expands. The LH promotes development in the remained torn cover of a follicle (he turns to a yellow body) progesterone which quantity accrues after an ovulation. If fertilizations does not come, the uterus mucosa is torn away and there comes a menses.

All phases of a menstrual cycle are formed far not at once, it occurs approximately within a year. If hypothalamus or pituitary gland work there can come wrong formation of a menstrual cycle is broken, that is come a delay of sexual development.

What is menarche?

If hormonal development of the girl goes correctly in 12-13 years she has a first menses or menarche. Menarche usually occurs in two years after there are first changes in breast development. During this period there is an active development of a body that to female type: hips become wider, mammary glands are formed, the size of external female genitals is enlarged and their pilosis on female type begins. Menarche is a main sign of puberty of the female organism, specifying in ability of an organism to pregnancy.

Female sexual hormones (estrogen and progesterone) cause a swelling of mammary glands, augmentation of volume of the slime allocated from the channel cervix, growth of a mucosa of a uterus etc., that is prepare an organism for pregnancy. Man's sexual hormones are responsible for sexual inclination. Disturbance of a parity of female and man's sexual hormones, and also insufficiency of gonadotrophic hormones (a LH and a FSH) cause various disturbances in maturing of an organism of the girl.

Offensive time menarche depends on physical development of the girl, its food, the transferred diseases, life conditions etc. Harbingers menarche there can be differences in mood and state of health (irritability, fatigability, depressions, delicacy, headaches, giddiness, pains in the bottom of a stomach, a nausea etc.).

Influence of stresses on formation of a menstrual cycle of the girl

In formation of a menstrual cycle and reorganization of work of all organism the girl becomes very sensitive to a various sort to emotional influences. Stresses promote depression of work of a hypothalamus which not so actively "demands" development by a pituitary gland of gonadotrophic hormones a LH and a FSH. Depression of quantity the LH and a FSH in blood lead to depression of development of female sexual hormones. It can be shown by full absence of a menses (amenorrhea) or sharp disturbance of their regularity.

The first menses can cause a stress condition if it to it not to prepare in the girl, therefore the girl at the age of 10-11 years already should know, that occurs in its organism, it should be psychologically ready to occurrence of the first menses - menarche.

In what cases it is necessary to address to the children's gynecologist?

Very early or, on the contrary, later menarche can be as a norm variant (for example, congenital feature which was at mother), and a disease sign.

Very early occurrence menarche (till 10 years) should be an occasion to the reference to the doctor: it can be a sign of a tumor of a brain or ovaries. Later maturing (after 15 years) can be a sign of any hormonal disturbances and consequently also should be consulted at the gynecologist.