Each of the stages of pregnancy, known as trimesters, has its own unique characteristics. The first trimester is defined as the period from the date of conception through week 12. The second trimester lasts from week 12 through week 24 and the third trimester is week 24 to the moment the child is born.

First trimester of pregnancy (from the date of conception to week 12)

Due to the new demands of fetal development, the body of a pregnant woman undergoes complicated protective and adaptive changes. The central nervous system and endocrine glands perform regulatory functions controlling the reorganization of body.

After implantation of the embryo into the endometrial lining of the uterus, the woman’s body starts producing the sex hormone progesterone. It has an immediate influence on the development of the embryo and changes in the mother’s body. The ovaries continue to produce progesterone for about 9 or 10 weeks and after that time, the fetoplacental system (adrenal cortex and liver of the pregnant woman and the fetus) takes responsibility for hormonal function.

There are two developmental stages: embryonic period (first 8 weeks of pregnancy) and fetal period (from the 9^th week to the birth). During the embryonic period, the formation of various types of tissues occurs. The fetal period is characterized by the growth of the baby, and the development of its organs and functional systems.

Under the influence of progesterone, breasts tend to enlarge; nipples uplift and the skin surrounding them (areola) become darker and wider. Progesterone can also cause constipation, as it causes relaxation of smooth intestinal muscles, and therefore decreases the strength and the frequency of bowel contractions. It is advisable to drink plenty of fluids in order to prevent constipation.

Often, in the first weeks of pregnancy women suffer from queasiness and nausea which are triggered by the hormonal changes the body undergoes.  These discomforts usually go away as the pregnancy proceeds. However, sometimes they continue during all the stages of pregnancy.

Fatigue is common during this period, but this feeling will subside by the second trimester. It is related to the changes in body and energy drain. The real cure for the first trimester fatigue is to sleep 9 or 10 hours every night.

During the first trimester, miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy are possible.

Ectopic pregnancy is a complication where the fertilized egg implants outside the uterine cavity, usually in the fallopian tubes. The growth of the embryo here may result in the major internal hemorrhage and is the reason why an ectopic pregnancy is a potential medical emergency requiring surgery.

Another complication of pregnancy in the first trimester is if the fetal heartbeat stops. In this case the pregnancy will not continue. Dilation (or dilatation) and curettage is performed with laboratory examination to follow.

Second trimester of pregnancy (from week 12 to week 24)

The hormones of the fetoplacental system are responsible for many of the physiological changes in the in the woman’s body. They regulate water-salt metabolism (the retention of sodium at the same time can lead to swelling or edema), increase the volume of circulating blood and stimulate the growth of the uterus and breasts.

Due to lower levels of progesterone, queasiness and nausea subside. In the middle of the second trimester, a woman experiences the first feelings of fetal movement. The breasts may start producing yellowish fluid – the first milk, called colostrum. As the growing uterus presses on the intestines, constipation may become more common and heartburn may occur.

During the second trimester of pregnancy, the baby’s organs are forming and changes in the woman’s body continue. Complications of this period are the following: late miscarriage, bleedings (the usual reason is the presentation of placenta), iron-deficiency anemia, and oxygen starvation (hypoxia) of the fetus. It is very important for the fetus to get enough oxygen in the second trimester, because this period is characterized by the intensive development of the brain. A lack of oxygen can quickly begin to take its toll: the movements of the fetus change, and the fetal heart rate is affected.

During the third trimester the uterus is actively growing, fetal movements are increasing, and labor pains may sometimes occur. They should only last for several minutes and stop after the body position changes. These labor pains push the fetus towards the maternal passages. That is why there is no reason to be scared. However, in the case of frequent labor pains (several times per hour) it is important to consult a doctor.

The increased pressure of the uterus on the urinary bladder may cause frequent urination. As the expanding uterus pushes the diaphragm, and the baby requires enough oxygen, the woman may feel shortness of breath. The pregnant woman may feel tired and suffer from sleeping problems. The reason for it is increasing physical and emotional stress.

Some kinds of malformation and swellings can be detected during the third trimester. Often, the general condition of the pregnant woman (late pregnancy toxemia, for example) can trigger blood flow problems in the uterine vessels, as well as placental and umbilical vessels. These changes can be the cause of abnormalities of fetal growth and development, and oxygen starvation.

An incorrect positioning of the fetus can also be revealed during this period and it is vital to detect any abnormalities beforehand as it defines the steps to be taken during the birth process.

All pregnant women should regularly consult their obstetrician-gynecologist, who will be able to detect and explain all changes over the course of pregnancy.

Diffuse mastopathy

Nowadays mammary gland diseases are extremely well-spread among women. There is a great number of reasons behind these illnesses such as imbalanced hormonal background, high neurological load, age changes, lack in necessary nutrients, and environmental adversity.

Diffuse mastopathy. Cause and types

Mastopathy is characterized by growth of connective tissue and formation of cysts filled with transparent liquid. This disease is one of the most frequently happened to women. All in all almost half of the female population suffer from it.

A number of different factors can cause mastopathy. First of all it is heightened amount of female sex hormone – estrogen ­ in their blood. The reason for it is that less and less women decide to give birth to babies and breast feed them. During these periods other hormones come to the foreground (during pregnancy - female sex hormone progesterone, during breastfeed - prolactin) which block the formation of estrogen. Another reason of mastopathy is disturbances of childbearing functions. One can name abortion, high stress, not getting enough sleep, high neurological load, endocrine diseases, chronic disease of female genitals, as well as other organs and systems; inherited predisposition.

Mastopathy can develop on a certain spot of mammary gland (nodal mastopathy) or it can strike the whole tissue (diffuse mastopathy). Diffuse mastopathy itself is divided into diffuse fibrous mastopathy (growth of connective tissue only) and diffuse fibrous-nodal mastopathy (growth of connective tissue having cysts-saccules filled with transparent liquid).

Symptoms of diffuse mastopathy

Pain can be observed somewhere around the mammary gland in the middle and second half of menstrual cycle (right before menstruation) if a woman suffers from diffuse mastopathy. The pain can be nagging, piercing, arching; it can reverberate in the back or neck. Mammary glands coarsen, become dense, some secretion exude from the nipples. Mammary glands are evenly dense and painful under palpation. After menstruation mammary glands are usually evenly dense, a little heavy, and painful.

Furthermore, women with diffuse mastopathy have outward signs of heightened amounts of estrogen in the blood, dry skin, excess weight, menstrual period lasting more than 28 days, prolonged and plentiful menstruation, premenstrual syndrome, ovary cyst, and benign tumor of their uterus.

Diagnostics of diffuse mastopathy

Giving diagnosis includes data from doctor's medical examination (mammary surgeon), ultrasound and roentgenologic studies of mammary glands, hormonal blood test, and laboratory examination of biologic material which was taken from the mammary glands by biopsy.

Multiple cysts in both mammary glands can be found after ultrasonic examination (US). During this study doctors can see cyst's size and enlarged gland ducts. Mammography study allows you to identify epithelial (mammary tissue) and connective-tissue (gland ducts and bundles) structure of the gland, determine the right kind of mastopathy, the extension level of hardening, and the presence of benign or malignant tumor in the mammary glands.

Laboratory studies show hormone balance distractions, especially in sex and thyroid glands (hormonal blood test); enlargement of connective tissue, and presence of malignant tumor cells (study of biological environmental by biopsy).

Diffuse mastopathy treatment

The decision whether to treat a patient for diffuse mastopathy or not is made by a doctor after a very detailed examination. Almost in all cases such women visit their doctors on a regular basis so they can timely reveal the presence of a malignant tumor.

Diffuse mastopathy treatment is conducted in a conservative way. To improve one's metabolic process (which influences hormonal background in a good way) it is recommended to keep on a diet. Meals should be mostly of milk and vegetables and contain a lot of fresh and soaked vegetables, cooked cereals, leguminous plants, and organic animal fat. Intestine dysbacteriosis can stop vitamins from absorption. Its treatment includes vitamin-mineral complex and bio-active food additive.

Physical exercises are strongly recommended (going in for sports or exercise therapy, depending on level of health). Other ways of treatment are physio-therapeutic procedures (electrotherapy, therapeutic mud-baths, and so on), along with psycho-therapeutic consultations (and treatment if needed).

Hormone and non-hormone medicine is prescribed if imbalanced hormone background is revealed. Female sex hormone progesterone (it helps to lower the amount of estrogen in blood), and thyroid gland hormone are types of hormone medicine.

Non-hormone medicine relieves disagreeable symptoms of mastopathy: Diuretic (removes issue edema), and sedative drugs, (drugs that help the liver to work removing toxic products through metabolic process), potassium drugs, enzymes, iodine drugs (stimulate thyroid gland), etc.

Mastopathy is one of the risk factors of mammary glands cancer thus regular visits to mammary surgeon are a necessity.

 

 

The notion female ejaculation (or squirting) refers to the expulsion of colourless fluid by women before an orgasm or during it. For a long time, this physiological phenomenon, in particular its source and nature, has been a hotly debated question; and till now there is no common scientific opinion on this issue.

The first controversial point is a fact of existence of a female ejaculation. According to some opinions, the expulsion of fluid is nothing more than an incontinence of urine during an orgasm. However, the analysis of the ejaculatory fluid disproved the theory. The consistence of the fluid is denser than that of urine; it has no odor, no taste and usually no color, although it can be whitish. The second point of view is that female ejaculation is nothing but some vaginal lubrication. This theory has also been disputed by researches of the female ejaculation, as the mucous membrane of the vagina starts lubricating right after women’s sexual arousal, instead of in the end of a sexual intercourse.

Another subject of disputes in modern sexology is the source of this specific ejaculatory fluid. One group argues that the secretion of the fluid is caused by paraurethral glands and their ducts which surround a female urethra. This gland formation is known as the female prostate. Another group suggests that the fluid is produced by a so-called G-Spot which was first described by a German gynecologist Ernst Gräfenberg and which is situated on the anterior wall of the vagina. They claim that G-Spot stimulation can lead to powerful orgasms accompanied by a female ejaculation.

Despite considerable differences in opinions, the most of women understand at last what happens with their bodies at high levels of sexual pleasure. It may especially be helpful for those who suffer from anorgasmia caused by a psychological trauma, and beliefs of the woman about sex problems she may have. Such sex phenomenon as a female ejaculation was often mistaken for an urinary incontinence. <!-- adman -->It provoked an inferiority complex – many women experienced shame and had to restrain themselves and not to receive an orgasm, in order not to produce the fluid, so the sex partner did not have any suspicions and undesirable reactions.

Thanks to the recognition of a female ejaculation many couples are able to acquire the missing sexual harmony, and women feel “full-fledged”. Scientists do not insist on compulsion of this physiological phenomenon at all representatives of the weaker sex, speaking about the probability of its occurrence at 95% of women.

In order to achieve a female ejaculation the following points should be considered as essential for success: high level of sexual arousal, correct stimulation and trained vaginal muscles. Strong vaginal muscles enhance the ability to receive the maximum discharge with or without a female ejaculation. Special Kegel exercises, special training equipment and the technique of discontinuing of urination are considered to be helpful in strengthening the vaginal muscles. It is possible to use all these methods together for faster and effective results.

The given information cannot be regarded as an appeal to urging towards achieving the female ejaculation. Even though this phenomenon can enrich the sex experience of both partners, it should be more like an accompaniment to a great orgasm than an end in itself. The presence or the absence of a female ejaculation is normal and is not a sign of any sexual pathology.

The recognition of a female ejaculation helps a great number of women to avoid various sex complexes and gives an opportunity to feel the freedom of spontaneous sex self-expression.

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revenge

There are stories about revenge everywhere you look. It excites a lot of minds and feelings in people which can also cause them to suffer and loose their appetite. In fact, there is very little difference between love and revenge. A person constantly thinks about something, experiences very strong feelings for it. Sounds as if it is all about something that person likes a lot. The only difference is that one feeling is constructive and the other one - destructive. Let's talk about whether revenge is useful or harmful. Is it okay to take vengeance on somebody? Is it really necessary to do that? What means of revenge are acceptable and what are not?

What is revenge?

Revenge is pretty often compared with a disease. Indeed it can consume a person, turn them into a slave so they can think about nothing but that feeling.

Revenge is destructive. It makes people feel the most negative emotions that one can only think of. Revenge can be found in different types of people, in those who suffer from sickly and outrageously big egos, from intolerance towards other people, from inability to forgive. Of course there are exceptions and it is quite possible to make even a very kind person plan revenge. But if it happens pretty often that you want to hurt back, it is time to think about it.

butterfly-heart

Sometimes revenge can motivate a person to success in great accomplishments. Certain cases are known when people become prosperous, famous to spite their offenders.

Where does revenge come from?

There are plenty of reasons for revenge. It can be serious offenses, betrayals or a mockery. Though some people manage to take vengeance on others even without visible reasons. The desire to revenge usually follows unsatisfied people who are not self-confident either. For them it is another way to prove their importance to the world. Long suppression of a personality can cause all that. And now return suffering brings them pleasure.

Sometimes the cause for revenge can be envy. In this case it is very difficult to fight that feeling since objects of envy can change but a person stays where they were.

revange

The most popular reason is jealousy. Revenge makes jealous people act in such a way that many innocent people suffer.

Some people try to fight that feeling, others care for it and bring it up.

It is necessary to say that in most cases there are no reasons for revenge except for those situations which happen pretty seldom in our lives.

Should we fight revenge or indulge it?

Everyone should make their own decision. First of all you should think if the offense or the caused problem is so big that it is worth spending your time and energy on it. It is very important to know what the outcome of your deed will be. Will you get satisfaction or will you have to suffer even more? Will you prove whatever you wanted to somebody? And will you make your offender repent?

revege

If you look at the situation and the right answer to most of those questions is "No". In that case will you get desired satisfaction or will you imprison yourself in the whirlpool of revenge?

For the solution of any problem one can find other more effective ways rather than return punching. Sometimes a regular conversation or a simple ignorance of an irritating person can help to end a dispute and get rid of the desire for revenge.

If you are ready to revenge, what are the actions?

If you decided to fight back your offender be very cautious. Do not overdo anything that he or she did to you. If your neighbor makes you mad because she regularly floods your ceiling it doesn't mean you have to burn her apartment.

When choosing a way for your revenge you should not forget about the law. Sometimes people go too far and cause greater problems than they used to have before the revenge.

Your revenge should have a specific target. You should not take vengeance on everybody, and if you can not affect your offender maybe it is better just forget about it.

reverge

Think about how other people would see you. You should not be even less-minded, ruder and savager than your offender. Would you like to have such a reputation?

If you can not predict the result of your revenge it is better to postpone the realization of your idea or maybe just leave it for good.

The main rule of all intriguers is no hurry. Revenge is a cold dish so you have less chances to make a mistake.

It is better for an offended person to forget for a moment about the overwhelming emotions . Then it would be obvious that revenge is not the only way to deal with any situation. Revenge does not only make several people suffer but also humiliates that person who tries to scheme against somebody. Really strong people always find strength to forgive or simply ignore their offender.

The significance of your values.
If you believe in trust, honor, and fidelity, and if you accept his proposal, you will be going against those values.  When you don’t honor the guiding principles in your life, you experience depression, as well as anxiety, fear, and doubt.  Any time we don’t adhere to our deeply held personal morals, we pay a price.  And it’s high.

He’s still married.
If his marriage is in jeopardy, this is something he has to work through with his wife.  Your presence only confuses the issue.  His breakup will be very costly to you emotionally if you stick around to be a part of it.  As he talks through the many aspects of his feelings about his wife in terms of what they once had, his anger or hurt, and his emotions centering on his former family, you will find that these words may haunt you for the rest of your life.  Draw a boundary and think twice about jumping in the middle of something that is his to handle. Further down the road, you’ll both be glad you did this.

The focus of what your time together will be about.
It’s one thing to be absorbed in business events and sharing mutual ideas; it’s quite another to be in a personal relationship.  Falling in love needs to be a time for two people to discover each other.  It will be difficult if not impossible for you two to see each other through the fog of guilt and family problems that are weighing on him.  What will his extended family think of you?  Will they be welcoming?  What will your family think of him knowing he is still married?  Guaranteed there will be questions about his breakup.  These reactions, opinions, and judgments will put a strain on your feelings and time together.

Answering the following questions:
Is your current life where you want it to be?  Do you have friends, financial security, and a social life without him? Honoring your present and future should be your primary concern.
During the time it takes for him to separate and finalize his divorce, what will your life be like?  Can you be honest with your friends and family?  Can you go out socially?  How often will you be the sounding board for his pain; or his therapist for his growth and insight?  Is this the job you really want?  Is this the foundation you want to build a relationship on?

I am not saying it is impossible for this relationship to have a future.  I am saying this is not the time to try and build it.  My advice is that you get fully engaged and invested in your life, doing fun outings with great friends or getting absorbed in your passionate interests.  The worst thing to do would be to stop socializing with others, sitting at home obsessing about him.

The best chance you have for this romance to survive and grow is to back away and watch from a distance…with a certain detachment.  Is he truly going to leave his marriage?  If he does and he re-surfaces later, fully divorced, free, and at least moderately healed, you both can move forward exploring your potential of being together.  Anything before that leaves you in the place of being vulnerable to being used, though that may not be his intention at all.

You have some critical issues to process, so get yourself to a coach or therapist to help you sort things out.  You need an objective voice guiding you.  If he becomes available, you would be wise to go to a counselor with him.  You can then address your future—straight from the heart.

author: Tonja Weimer

source: tonjaweimer.com

This very male type can be found even in the happiest at first sight families. The husband is not an alcoholic, he does not smoke either, he may even be a very successful breadwinner, but as for living together with him – it is a real challenge. This person is sure he knows everything, even if he knows nothing in fact. He deeply believes in his own impeccability and influence he has on family members. All other family members should obey his rules without question. He torments everybody with his constant boring lectures. The tyrant believes he takes care of his family but in fact he just needs to feel the power.

The roots of this behavior go back to the childhood. The tyrant, who always reprimands his wife and children for everything they do, must have had one of his parents with the same type of personality. He was suppressed by his parents' power and always had a wish to wreak his anger on somebody because of his crushed childhood.

The attempt to change the tyrant's way of thinking is a complete waste of time. No one can change him. Smart people stay away from that person, but what about his wife and children? They can keep silence all the time, but can it be called freedom? In that type of families children become rioters and leave their homes pretty early. Or they grow up with immature and intimidated personality, and weak will. It is them who suffer from the home tyrant. He is always displeased with everybody, his most popular phrase is “What would you do without me?” And every member of the family knows for sure it would be much easier to live without such head of the family.

Home tyrant always holds the whole family in terror and strain; it is him who throws his wife and children's mentality into disorder. Who would stand everyday lectures and constant dissatisfaction with what ever other people do? He is the only one who can do things right!

Tyrant-perfectionist thinks he is a kind of Pygmalion, who knows exactly in what way everything should be done. He is the person who decides where the children should study, what the wife should wear, where they should go on vacation. He is able to put the self-appraisal of every family member to the lowest of low. Such person is able break one's personality without any scruples...

Many wives get used to not just listening to all the continual lectures of the boring despot. Not paying attention to all his provoking remarks of high attention moments.

In this case the soul is to suffer, but in more severe case all the suffering becomes physical. The tyrant-alcoholic is always ready to fight, he only calls for disgust, his spouse and children bear humiliation. The tyrant puts the blame on them for everything and has no mercy for them. This type of families is, unfortunately, well-spread in the modest layer of population in all countries. But the level of living does not always indicate the well-being of a family atmosphere.

The best way to struggle against tyranny in a family is to divorce. But sometimes wives have no place to go; after the divorce they will have nothing left. Because of this desperation one has to live with a tyrant in the same house ruining not only her life but also the future children life. Tyrants give rise to tyrants. These children, once they have grown up, retrieve their losses by becoming despots or hysterical women. They pass on the baton of insults, shouts, beating, and fury to their children and spouses. It does not sound like love at all! And these children do feel neither love nor respect for their parents.

The cause of such despotic behavior lies deep inside. There is no inner harmony, the person is a prey to doubts about his own importance, he is always discontent with himself, his status in the society, and his behavior, and he looks for the reason somewhere outside... He is not able to understand that he is not a leader; the way to help himself starts inside him.

There is an advice to be given to home tyrants. They should find out the original cause of their fears and doubts. All the shouts and insults, dissatisfaction with everything and everybody – are just a consequence, but the reason is always inside the person.

If it turned out that you could not control your behavior again, try to lick the wounds as fast as possible – say you are sorry, and admit your fault. These actions can help to strengthen the power of the head of the family. The acknowledgment of your own guilt is the way strong people behave. The tyrant asserts himself at somebody else's expenses because he is actually weak and defenseless.

And here is one very important thing - a memo to every tyrant: do not let your inner dragons gorge neither your family life nor yourself.

The results of a statistical investigation can have a stronger influence on you than the most dreadful horror movie or a message about the economic crisis. No Freddy Krueger and no articles about illiquidity of bank assets can frighten you as much as this simple fact: more than 150,000 men in the world suffered from the erectile dysfunction in 1999, this will number 322,000 by the year 2019.

It is really easy to get rid of Freddy Krueger – you should just turn off your TV. It is also possible to overcome the economic crisis. But if you try to beat the erectile dysfunction, you will understand that it is easier to live on bread and water than suffer from this pathology.

A woman creates a man. This common phrase means that even a habitual criminal can become a gentleman with a real lady. But there is another meaning of this phrase: if a man does not have a good sexual life, he feels like a man no more. It is stress, psychological pathology, emotional and physical frustration.  As in the joke about an impotent, who has an appetite, but cannot satiate it. Let alone having any joy in life.  There can be no joy in everyday thoughts about future disastrous problems with sexual potency. It is even worse when a man has no doubt in his inability, but is sure about it.

Men dreamed about a medicine. If the erectile dysfunction is an illness, there certainly must be a pill to cure it. The ideal pill should meet the following requirements:

-  reliability;

-  absence of side effects;

-  maximum safety;

-  ability to be used with other medicines (it is especially important for seniors);

-  performance when necessary;

-  sensible (or minimal) price, ideally – a medicine for free.

Viagra brought hope to men. Viagra began bringing to life those men who had no more faith in happiness and justice. Viagra was a first robin. However, it has certain restrictions, it cannot be used together with some medicines, and it begins to “work” without sexual stimulation.

There are no limits but the sky, especially when we speak about such an important thing for men as the erectile dysfunction. Viagra proved that the erectile dysfunction can be cured with the help of medicine. And this first robin was followed by a whole flock of other birds. Levitra is one of them.

Levitra is a child of two parents: an English company GlaxoSmithKline and a German company Bayern AG. It is true that this child has many talents and a great potential. According to experts, Levitra is more effective than Viagra. 62% of those men, who were unsuccessful with Viagra, could get rid of the erectile dysfunction with the help of Levitra.  The activity of Levitra is 10 times better than the activity of Viagra, and 13 times better than the one of Cialis.

Levitra acts in the same way as Viagra. It increases the blood flow to the penis. But if Viagra starts acting right after the intake – you take the pill, and the blood flow starts increasing – Levitra does not cause an erection solely, and requires a sexual stimulus to achieve an erection. In other words, Levitra helps sex happen naturally: a man is “turned on” not because of a pill, but after a woman’s sexual stimulation.

Levitra stays active up to 4-12 hours. There is no problem in bringing a woman off to a state of happy unconsciousness and be extremely satisfied.

Levitra releases its effect within 15-60 minutes after its consumption, depending upon your constitutional peculiarities.

It is very comfortable that the medicine can be used regardless of food or alcohol intake. Levitra makes it possible to have a romantic dinner by candlelight and with champagne. By the way, champagne is an effective aphrodisiac for women. However, high-fat food should be avoided as it may cause the medicine to take more time to start working. A romantic dinner with a lump of lard is nonsense though.

Side effects are ridiculously rare, less than 2%. The drug does not contain hormones, and it is not habit-forming.

To sum up, we can be sure that Levitra took a step closer to reach the dream of men about a magic pill. It helps men to become more “masculine”, happier and extend virility to the age of senility.

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The most “dreadful” pathology for the stronger sex is perhaps the erectile dysfunction, when a man becomes unable to perform sexually. It seriously hurts man’s pride and self-confidence. Despite the fact that sexual disorders don't influence on general physiological state, don't make feel physically worse, and don't cause pains, the negative psychological impact is difficult to overestimate: men become depressed, dispirited, unsociable, and as a result they draw into their shell.

Moreover, such disorders influence social life, as they create tense atmosphere in family relationships. The problem is that not every man dares to consult a sexual pathologist about his “troubles”. These fears are completely unfounded, as modern medicines can quickly bring man’s harmonious sex life back and at the same time recover his shaken self-conceit and mental equilibrium.

Having taken into consideration the importance of healthy sex life, specialists in sexual medicine conducted recently a laborious practical research, which allowed them to investigate in details such a delicate issue as the penile erection. It turned out that erection is mediated by special enzymes and nitric oxide, which is released during sexual arousal. A complicated enzymatic chain of reactions causes a relaxation of smooth muscle fibers in arteries, which provide blood supply to the penis. As a result the arteries dilate, and cavernous bodies (anatomic tissues which form a penis) fill up with blood and enlarge, and erection is obtained. Medications for erectile dysfunction which have been lately used in pharmacology, concentrate on this given enzymatic process. One of these medications is Cialis.

Cialis is not as widely known as Viagra or Impaza yet, but it is inferior to neither of these in its effectiveness. Moreover, Cialis has certain advantages over the given medications. Thus, Tadalafil, active ingredient of Cialis, starts acting within twenty minutes of intake, while by taking Viagra one may feel the effects after no less than one hour. In addition to that, the effects and potential of Cialis last up to thirty six hours, that is to say, during this period of time after taking the pill a patient is fit for a sexual intercourse, whereas Viagra acts only for four hours. This given peculiarity of Tadalafil is extremely important for the men, who prefer making love spontaneously, adding special thrill to their relationships with a beloved woman. According to a confidential survey, “scheduled sex” is not acceptable for a vast majority of men: when deciding between Cialis and Viagra, only 10 percent of patients chose the latter one. Meanwhile, the effectiveness of these two medications is nearly the same.

Another advantage of Cialis is its good performance regardless of time of the day, of food, and of alcohol. Many experts consider this compatibility with spirits to be rather a drawback though.

The medication is safe to use, but nevertheless some side effects are possible, such as headache, indigestion (diarrhea), blood flow to face and neck, back pain, and vertigo. Uncommon side effects include allergy at hypersensitivity to active ingredients.

Cialis should not be prescribed or taken by patients who suffered from a stroke, a heart attack, a heart failure or other anginal illnesses during preceding months. However, this precaution depends not on the peculiarities of Cialis, but on the fact that in this case one should abstain from any sexual activities.

Besides, the use of Cialis is contraindicated to anyone allergic to the ingredients in the tablet and patients under 18 years old.

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Some women do not have any problems with their periods, while others complain of severe pain, fatigue and irritability every month. Dysmenorrhea, or menstrual pain, occurs when the uterus contracts to expel dead endometrial tissue. In order to relieve the pain you can try taking a warm bath or consult a gynecologist (or some experienced woman, e.g. a mother, or an elder sister).

The most drastic remedy is a pain reliever. Simple physical exercises can also alleviate discomfort.

“For moderate to severe cramps, I recommend starting with ibuprofen 200 milligrams four times daily or naproxen sodium 220 milligrams twice daily. Again, increase as needed to the maximum dosage and frequency. If cramps are moderate or severe, it is also important to continue taking the pain reliever regularly, even if there is no pain when the dosage is due. The regimen should be continued until the day when symptoms would subside, which is usually by the third day of the menstrual period. If ibuprofen or naproxen sodium at the maximum daily dose does not relieve symptoms adequately, it’s time to contact your health care provider. Also, there are prescription-only medications that are especially effective against the other problems such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Don’t give up hope. Under medical supervision, higher doses and other medications are safe and effective” (source)

NAPROXEN is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It is used to reduce swelling and to treat pain. This medicine may be used for dental pain, headache, or painful monthly periods.

Anaprox

Naprelan

Aleve

You may have heard of Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS. Premenstrual syndrome is a malfunction in women’s organism before a menstrual cycle. Women who suffer from PMS experience headache, back pain, they feel irritability and mood swings. Other common symptoms of PMS are breast swelling, breast tenderness and emotional vulnerability.

Some women are not subjected to PMS, but others experience even more than the above-listed symptoms. There are drugs which help to ease the symptoms of Premenstrual syndrome and are available without a medical prescription. Reduced salt consumption can also be helpful. If symptoms of PMS poison your life, it is better to consult a doctor, and he will definitely advise some effective treatment of Premenstrual syndrome.

Pads or tampons?

Didn’t you make up your mind yet about what to use once you get your monthly period - pads or tampons? Well, you are the one who makes a choice.

Useful tips about your menstruation

You should pay attention on the intensity of your menstrual flow – it will help you to understand how often you should change your sanitary pad or a tampon. It is not a good idea to use Ultra absorbency tampons. It would be better to take tampons for a light flow and to change them more often. Furthermore, simultaneously with tampons you may use pantiliners, which provide dryness and comfort, and safely protect underwear and clothes.

Today one can find a wide variety of brands and styles of menstrual pads and tampons (known as Feminine Hygiene Products) available. However, this wide choice of goods makes it sometimes difficult to decide on what is better for you. As a rule, absorbency rating system of tampons and pads indicated on the box helps you determine which tampon or pad is right for the amount of your menstrual blood. You should try to correlate the intensity of your flow with the necessary absorbing capacity. It is important to read all special packaging instructions carefully. After trying different hygiene products, you will definitely find those tampons or pads which suit you best.

You should better start a menstrual cycle calendar to keep track of your monthly periods, marking their first day and their duration. It will help you to estimate the duration of your menstrual cycle and to prepare beforehand for this unpleasant time.

Don’t let menstruation to catch you off guard! Don’t forget to put some tampons or pads into your purse as the menstruation can start when no hygiene products are available. Even if you haven't started your period yet, this simple security measure will help you welcome your “guests” fully armed. Besides, you will be able to lend a tampon or a pad to an “unequipped” friend. That happens pretty often.

What you should know about menstruation

Your first menstruation can considerably differ from following ones. It takes several months for a menstrual cycle to establish and become regular, you will also need some months to get used to your periods. You should respect your body and show patience, as you enter a new period of life. If you have any questions, consult your mother or your elder sister.

It is better to avoid scented pads and tampons. Chemical fragrant ingredients can irritate mucous membranes and skin. Normal menstrual flow has no unpleasant odor; on the contrary strong odor means that you do not maintain good personal hygiene. In that case we recommend you to change a pad or a tampon more often. If it does not help, it is better to consult a gynecologist

Some women even at a mature age feel uncomfortable while discussing this topic and are too shy to buy hygiene products in the drugstore or in the convenient store. If you feel the same, keep in mind that the menstrual cycle is a natural and integral part of life of any woman.

Erection (what helps and what prevents it from the scientific point of view)

Speaking of men’s health, the first thing to cross one’s mind is such a delicate theme as erectile functions. Unfortunately, as nowadays we have to face stresses in our daily lives, this topic is becoming more and more urgent. Even young men suffer from erectile dysfunctions. It is quite natural that male impotence is a vital issue for both sexes, as erectile dysfunctions often become the main reason for break-ups of many happy families. Let alone that erectile problems seriously hurt psychological state and self-esteem of representatives of the stronger sex.

Where do these problems come from after all?

Various factors can become causes of sexual dysfunction, but without any doubt psychology plays the leading role. Alas, standard of knowledge of our population on this issue for well-known reasons falls slightly behind of sex competence of e.g. west-Europeans, let alone the Hindu and the Chinese. Not every one of us knows that sometimes erection is not obtained without any clear reasons. It is pretty natural and does not indicate sexual weakness and what is more – development of the impotence, as a lot of men suppose. But it is just the thoughts like this that give impetus to the birth of the psychological complex, when the impeding sexual intimacy provokes not the anticipation of enjoyment, but anxiety and panic: what if I fail as I did last time?

If during love games you concentrate all your attention not on the beloved woman, but on this question, your chances of failure multiply greatly. The trouble is that if a man lacks self-confidence, instead of devoting himself to his natural instincts then, he will be observing his partner’s reactions and the state of his erection. In other words, a man tries to keep his erection under conscious supervision, while this phenomenon is regulated only on subconscious level, instinctively. It’s clear that such an approach does more harm than good. Constant “accidents” eventually lead to the development of a so-called psychological form of erectile dysfunction.

Women influence a lot on men’s self-confidence. Disdainful glance, sneer, or even some unsuccessful joke can turn even a macho man into a psychological impotent. And vice versa, the understanding of the situation and adequate reaction of a beloved woman will bring not a shadow of a doubt about men’s sex abilities.

Right psychological mood towards sex failures is extremely important during the sexual intercourse. This fact is supporte